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Claus von Stauffenberg
Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg,〔Gerd Wunder: ''Die Schenken von Stauffenberg.'' Müller & Gräff, 1972, p. 480〕 commonly referred to as Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg () (15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944), was a German army officer and member of the traditional German nobility who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power. Along with Henning von Tresckow and Hans Oster, he was one of the central figures of the German Resistance movement within the ''Wehrmacht''. For his involvement in the movement he was executed by firing squad shortly after the failed attempt known as Operation ''Valkyrie''.〔() -Stauffenberg biography〕
==Family name==
Stauffenberg's nickname was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, with the noble entitlement at the end. He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last ''Oberhofmarschall'' of the Kingdom of Württemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, née Gräfin von Üxküll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von Üxküll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gräfin von Hohenthal.
The titles "Graf" and "Gräfin" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which would be Schenk Graf von ''Stauffenberg'' and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.
On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, "Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more."〔() – Abolition of noble titles〕 After this titles of nobility were incorporated as part of a surname.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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